The rapid rise of antibiotic resistance has led to the growing momentum of engineering and applications of nanoparticles as alternative antimicrobials. Nanosilver (NAg) with its broad spectrum antimicrobial efficacies is now among the major alternative technologies to control microorganisms, including those on which antibiotics are no longer working. NAg has been used in medical devices to fight infections, however, the nanoparticle has also been incorporated in increasing arrays of consumer products, which, in many cases, without clear antimicrobial targets. The widespread use threatens the long-term efficacies of the important nanoparticle antimicrobials, as bacteria are known to be capable of developing adaptation mechanisms to their complex, multi-targeting toxicity.1 NAg targets multiple cellular components in bacteria through the oxidative stress-inducing activities of the leached soluble silver species and the solid silver particulates.2,3 Our studies discovered that bacterial pathogens, both in their free-living planktonic and surface-attached biofilm forms of growth, have the natural ability to evolve defence mechanisms, physiologically change, and grow in an otherwise toxic concentrations of the nanoparticle.4-7 The team recently elucidate how pathogens orchestrate their gene expressions to, not only fending off the generation of oxygen radicals, but also, to repair damaged biomolecules. The tiered defence mechanisms can be epi-genetic (non-mutational) or associated with gene mutations. The observations of the development of adaptation characteristics in bacteria are relevant to wider microbial communities, presenting consequences of extensive microorganism exposure.8 The generated knowledge of the molecular basis of the adaptation phenomena will enable development of technologies to overcome the phenomena and preserve the efficacies of the important alternative antimicrobials.